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Avoid Early Marriage
Navjivan Foundation always tries to convince the people for minor marriage. Because the minor girl has no proper physical development to be a mother. Early marriage or Child marriages are the same word usually refers to two separate social phenomena, which are practiced in some societies. The first and more widespread practice is that of marrying a young child (generally defined as below the age of eighteen) to an adult. In practice, it is almost always a young girl married to a man. The second practice is a form of arranged marriage in which the parents of two children from different families arrange a future marriage. In this practice, the individuals who become betrothed often do not meet one another until the wedding ceremony, which occurs when they are both considered to be of a marriageable age. An increase in the ad vocation of human rights, whether as women's rights or as children's rights, has caused the traditions of child marriage to decrease greatly as it was considered unfair and dangerous for the children. Child marriages may have many purposes. The nobility of some cultures tend to use child marriage among different factions or states as a method to secure political ties between them. In child betrothals, a child's parents arrange a match with the parents of a child from another family (social standing, wealth and expected education all play a part), thus unilaterally determining the child's future at a young age. It is thought by adherents that physical attraction is not a suitable foundation upon which to build a marriage and a family. A separate consideration is the age at which the wedding, as opposed to the engagement, takes place. Families are able to cement political and/or financial ties by having their children inter-marry. The betrothal is considered a binding contract upon the families and the children. The breaking of a betrothal can have serious consequences both for the families and for the betrothed individuals themselves. The proportion of young women who married as minors decreased slowly, from 50% to 45%. Similarly, the proportion of young women giving birth before age 18 declined somewhat over the same period, from 28% to 22%, which is not surprising, given that childbearing is closely tied to marriage. While a range of socioeconomic and cultural factors may influence when a young woman gets married, past research has shown that areas with higher levels of girls’ education have lower rates of early marriage. Keeping girls in school longer has also been found to delay early childbearing, which is rare outside of marriage in India.
Child-marriage was not prevalent in ancient India. The most popular form of marriage was Swayamvara where grooms assembled at the bride' s house and the bride selected her spouse. Svayam-vara can be translated as self selection of one' s husband, Svayam means self, Vara means husband. Instances of Swayamvara ceremony are found in our national epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Various types of marriages were prevalent in ancient India Gandharva Vivaha (love marriage), Asura Viviha (marriage by abduction) etc., But among these Bal-Viviha is conspicuous in its absence. There are many reasons to believe that this custom originated in the medieval ages. As mentioned earlier in the turbulent atmosphere of the mediaeval ages, law and order was not yet a universal phenomenon and arbitrary powers were concentrated in the hands of a hierarchy led by a despotic monarch. In India the Sultans of Delhi who held the place of the despotic monarch, came from a different type of culture. They were orthodox in their beliefs with a fanatical commitment to their religion and a ruthless method in its propagation. Intolerant as they were to all forms of worship other than their own, they also exercised contempt for members of other faiths. Women as it is are at the receiving and during any war, arson, plunder, etc. During the reign of the Delhi Sultans these were the order of the day and the worst sufferers were Hindu women. During these dark days were spawned customs like child-marriage and selection of women from the rest of the society, wearing of the Ghungat (veil). This age also perpetuated customs like Sati and looking upon the birth of a female baby as an ill omen, even killing newly born baby girls by drowning them in a tub of milk. Amidst the feeling of insecurity, the presence of young unmarried girls was a potential invitation for disaster. The predatory Sarasenic feudal lords and princelings of Sarasenic origins who stalked all over India in the middle ages were a source of constant threat. Hence parents would seek to get over with the responsibilities of their daughters by getting them married off before they reached the marriage age. The custom of child marriages with the 'bride' and 'groom' still in their cradles was a culmination of this tendency. This way the danger to a growing girl's virginity was somewhat reduced. Along with this principal reason, there were a few other reasons arising from the nature of the feudal society, which were conducive for the prevalence of this practice. In a feudal society, qualities like rivalry, personal honor, hereditary friendship or enmity are rated very highly. Because of this, military alliances play a very important role in preserving or destroying the balance of power between the various kingdoms and fiefdoms. Both parties observed to ensure that the military alliances entered into, practices like exchanging Juvenile members of the respective families who were educated and brought up at each other's palaces were followed.
They were a sort of captives who were held to ensure that the military alliances between the two kingdoms or clans were honored. But a more lasting bond that could back up military alliances were-matrimonial alliances between members of the two families. But such matrimonial alliances could be worked out smoothly only if the bride and groom were ready to accept each others Young men and women of marriageable age are bound to be choosy. This difficulty could be avoided when the marriage was between two children or babies where there was no question of their having any sense of choice as to who their partners in life should be. The caste hierarchy also perhaps had its role to play in perpetuating such a system. Caste, which is based on birth and heredity, does not allow marriages between members of different castes. But as youngsters whose emotions and passions could be ruled by other considerations might violate this injunction. Out of the necessity to preserve itself, the hereditary caste system could have helped in nourishing the practice of child-marriage. Among other subsidiary considerations that could have helped to preserve this custom might be the belief that adults (or adolescent) boys and girls would indulge in loose moral practices. This consideration would have - been more relevant in the context of the puritanical and orthodox environment of the bygone ages. The practice could also have been perpetuated, especially among- the economically weaker sections, by the consideration of keeping marriage expenses to a minimum. A child-marriage need not have been as grand an affair as adult marriages. Navjivan Foundation through the camps advice to the parents to restrict child marriage and on the restriction of child marriage.
The Child Marriage Act, 1929 (19 of 1929)
An Act to restrain the solemnisation of child marriage.
- This Act may be called the Child Marriage Restraint Act, (1929).
- It extends to the whole of India (except the State of Jammu and Kashmir) and it applies also to all citizen of India without and beyond India.
- It shall come into force on the 1st day of April, 1930.
Section 1 : Short title extent and commencement-
- "Child" means a person who, if a male, has not completed twenty one year of age, and if a female, has not completed eighteen years of age ;
- "child marriage" means a marriage to which either of the contracting parties is a child ;
- "contracting party" to a marriage means either of the parties whose marriage is (or is about to be) thereby solemnized and
- "minor" means a person of either sex who is under eighteen years of age.
Section 2 : Definitions - In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context:
Section 3 : Punishment for male adult below twenty one years of age marrying a child-
Whoever, being a male above eighteen years of age and below twenty one, contracts a child marriage shall be punishable with simple imprisonment which may extend to fifteen days, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both .
Section 4 : Punishment for male adult above twenty one years of age marrying a child-
Whoever, being a male above twenty one years of age, contracts a child marriage shall be punishable with simple imprisonment which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine.
Section 5: Punishment for solemnizing a child marriage -
(1) Whoever performs, conducts or directs any child marriage shall be punishable with simple imprisonment which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine unless he proves that he had reason to believe that the marriage was not a child -marriage.
- Where a minor contracts a child marriage, any person having charge of the minor, whether as parent or guardian or in any other capacity, lawful or unlawful, who does any act to promote the marriage or permits it to be solemnized, or negligently fails to prevent it from being solemnized, shall be punishable with simple imprisonment which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine. Provided no woman shall be punishable with imprisonment.
- For the purpose of this section, it shall be presumed unless and until the contrary is proved, that where a minor has contracted a child marriage, the person having charge of such minor has negligently failed to prevent marriage from being solemnised.
Section 6:Punishment for parent or guardian concerned in a child marriage -
- for the purpose of investigation of such offences : and
- for the purposes of matters other than-
- matters referred to in Section 42 of that Code and
- the arrest of a person without a warrant or without an order of a Magistrate.
Section 7 : Offences to be cognizable for certain purposes.
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall apply to offences under this Act as if they were cognizable offences -
Section 8 : Jurisdiction under this Act -
Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 190 of the (Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973) (2 of 1974), no Court other than that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class shall take cognizance of, or try, any offence under this Act.
Section 9 : Mode of taking cognizance of offences -
No Court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act after the expiry of one year from the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed.
Section 10 : Preliminary inquiries into offences -
Any Court, on receipt of a complaint of an offence of which it is authorised to take cognizance, shall unless it dismisses the complaint under Section 203 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) either itself make an inquiry under Section 202 of that Code or direct a Magistrate subordinate to it to make such inquiry.
Section 11-
Repealed by the Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1949 (41 of 1949), Section 7.
- Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act the Court may, if satisfied from information laid before it through a complaint or otherwise that a child marriage in contravention of this Act has been arranged or is about to be solemnized, issue an injunction against any of the persons mentioned in Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Act prohibiting such marriage.
- No injunction under sub-section (1) shall be issued against any person unless the Court has previously given notice to such person, and has afforded him an opportunity to show cause against the issue of the injunction.
- The Court may either on its own motion or on the application of any person aggrieved rescind or alter any order made under sub-section (1).
- Where such an application is received, the Court shall afford the applicant an early, opportunity of appearing before it either in person or by pleader, and if the Court rejects the application wholly or in part, it shall record in writing its reasons for so doing.
- Whoever knowing that an injunction has been issued against him under sub-section (1) of this Section disobeys, such injunction shall be punished with imprisonment or either description for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. Provided that no woman shall be punishable with imprisonment.
Section 12: Power to issue injunction-prohibiting marriage in contravention of this Act -
The Child Marriage Restrain Act, 1929 Commentary
To eradicate the evil of child marriage, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929. The object is to eliminate the special evil which had the potentialities of dangers to the life and health of a female child, who could not withstand the stress and strains of married life and to avoid early deaths of such minor motheIt extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir and it applies also to all citizens of India within and beyond India.
It came into force from the Ist day of April, 1930.
- "Child" means a person who, if a male,.is under twenty one years of age, and if a female, is under eighteen years of age
- "child marriage" means a marriage to which either the contracting parties is a child ;
- "contracting party" to a marriage means either of the parties whose marriage is or is about to be there by solemnized:
- "minor" means a person of either sex who is under eighteen years of age.
The penal provisions do not invalidate the fact of marriage nor do the penal provisions apply to a child. Its section 3 provides that, who ever, being a male above eighteen years of age and below twenty one, contracts a child marriage shall be punished with simple imprisonment, which may extend to fifteen days, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.
Whoever, being male above twenty-one years of age contracts a child marriage shall be punished with simple imprisonment, which may extend to three months and shall also, be liable to fine.
In the Indian social set-up a male adult can be imputed greater sense of foresee ability of the consequences of this social evil of child marriage and in this context the punishment prescribed by the law to deter them is too mild in effect specially in this era of social justice when penology has become more reformative than deterrent.
Whoever performs, conducts or directs any child marriage shall be punished with simple imprisonment, which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine, unless he proves that he had reasons to believe that the marriage was not a child marriage (section 5).
Though their liability under the criminal law is that of the abetters, but it should not preclude their direct responsibility for the offence and suitable amendment should be made in the Act to punish them as principal offenders. If this social evil is to be eradicated the role of such intermediaries should be brought to book with deterrent punishment. The present law is lukewarm in this regard.
Consummation of "Gauna" is not part of marriage ceremony. The marriage being complete before the consummation, a person may be convicted under this Act, though consummation has not taken place.
Section 6 provides that where a minor contracts a child marriage any person having charge of the minor, whether as parent or guardian or in any other capacity, lawful or unlawful, who does any act to promote the marriage or permits it to be solemnized, or negligently fails to prevent it from being solemnized, shall be punished with simple imprisonment which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine.
Provided that no woman shall be punishable with imprisonment. Under this section, it is presumed that where a minor has contracted a child marriage, the person having charge of such minor has negligently failed to prevent the marriage from being solemnized. Minors are incapable of entering into any valid contract and marriage under the Hindu law is not a contract. So the words "where a minor contracts a child marriage" in section 6(l) ought not to be literally interpreted as per its dictionary meaning but ought to be understood as meaning "where a child marriage" takes place or where a minor enters into a child marriage.
The child bride or the child bridegrooms are mere passive actors in such a marriage and the active participants are the parents, guardians or the custodians of such children. As the law is not mindful about the active culpability of these persons, this Act has not yielded the desired results. The imposition of fine only lacks the deterrent effect, which is needed most in such cases. Further this Act does not take into account the performance of preparatory ceremonies of such a marriage like engagements etc. Some provision should be made in this Act to prevent and punish such actions also if they culminate in child marriage.
It is note worthy that a contravention of the provisions of the Act does not render the marriage invalid as the validity of the marriage is a subject beyond the scope of the Act. A marriage under the Hindu Law by a minor male is valid even though the marriage was not brought about on his behalf by the natural or lawful guardian. The marriage under the Hindu Law is a sacrament and not a contract. The minority of an individual can operate as a bar to his or her incurring contractual obligations, but it cannot be an impediment in the matter of performing a necessary "Sanskara". A minor's marriage without the consent of the guardian can be held to be valid on the application of the doctrine of factum valet.
Section 7 provides that the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 shall apply to offences under the Act as if they were cognizable offence for the purpose of investigation.
Notwithstanding anything contained in section 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, no Court other than a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the First Class can take cognizance of, or try any offence under this Act.
Limitation -- No Court can take cognizance of any offence under this Act after the expiry of one year from the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed. This further dilutes the efficacy of the law.
Injunction -- Section 12 empowers the Magistrate to issue injunction prohibiting marriage in contravention of this Act. The Court may issue an injunction against any of the persons mentioned in Section 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Act prohibiting such marriage.
This injunction shall not be issued against any person unless the court has previously given notice thereof to the person concerned and has afforded him an opportunity to show cause against the issue of the injunction. This requirement of the law may defeat the purpose of social justice where there is imperative need of judicial intervention to save the welfare and interest of the child. No doubt frivolous petitions by interested persons may sometimes result in dislocation of arrangements in genuine cases and such victims may also face social humiliation but this can be safeguarded by making deterrent provisions in the Act for those who move such frivolous petitions.
The Court may either of its own motion or on the application of any person aggrieved, rescind or alter any order made under sub-section (1).
When such an application is received, the Court shall afford the applicant an early opportunity of appearing before it either in person or by pleader; and if the court rejects the application wholly or in part, it shall record in writing its reasons for so doing.
